Legal And Ethical Issues Of The Media - 1430 Words

The media is a large, diverse means of mass communication. Many legal and ethical concerns arise when representing specific cultural demographics and the complex nature in which they exist. When representing indigenous Australians in the media, a deep understanding of cultural practices, beliefs, consent and privacy are critical in producing content that is both legally and ethically appropriate. Communication practitioners hold a specific responsibility to adopt legal and ethical frameworks that abide by and acknowledge the traditional values and beliefs of these cultures in a way that is both truthful and respectful. When representing Indigenous Australians in any media platform it is crucial for the practitioner to complete extensive†¦show more content†¦By producing content that respects cultural practices the media is able to cover Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in an authentic and ethical manner. Recognising the elements that contribute to this culture allows the media to have the facts they need to create ethical content. The potter box theory is a model for ethical decision-making (Potter, 1965). The process of analysing facts, values, principles and loyalties assists individuals moral thought process. Passini (2010) discusses the relevance of the potter box theory in today’s diverse media. He believes that by adopting this framework media institutions can establish and strengthen their ethical policies. Similarly to his perspective, the SBS’s guidelines to covering Indigenous Australians portrays this framework by critically analysing the facts to create thei r values, principles and loyalties when representing this culture in the media. Representing Indigenous Australians in the media can create many complex issues both legally and ethically. One of the main concerns that arise involves racial stereotyping. The Australian Journalist’s Association Code of Ethics states that journalists shall not place unnecessary emphasis on gender, race, sexual preference, religious belief, marital status or physical or mental disability. This ensures that journalists remain within a certain ethical boundary of what is appropriate to publish. Johnson (1991) states, â€Å"Racial stereotyping andShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Ethics697 Words   |  3 PagesETH/316 October 27, 2014 Mario Madrid Organizational Ethics Business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues are part of organizational ethics. These ethics are often guided by the law; most business uses ethics in order to be accepted by the public or to have a successful business. Ethical principles can address organizational issues which help the organization to follow good practices within their organization or company. I am part of the Parkland Health amp; HospitalRead MoreBusiness Practices Of The West Houston Medical Center Organization847 Words   |  4 Pagesare a component of organizational ethics. This type of ethics is frequently motivated by the law; a copious amount of organizations practice ethics in order to be accepted by the community, not to mention in order to ensure a successful business. Ethical values can have a focal point on organizational concerns which assist the company in adhere to respectable practices within their establishment or corporation. I am part of the West Houston Medical Center organization, and the hospital’s mission statementRead MorePatient Confidentiality1042 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of the Ethical Issue In a technological world protecting patients’ information has become harder and harder to maintain. Todays new threat is social media. According to Elizabeth Scruth, et. al, (2015) social netweorking is one of the most common types of social media being used (para. 5). We live in an era where social media is being used as our own personal journals. Everyday personal experiences and the happenings of our day to day lives are constantly being posted on social networkingRead MoreResearch Project : Facebook Cyber Issues899 Words   |  4 PagesProject: Facebook Cyber Issues The critical issues of privacy, freedom of speech, cyberbullying, and defamation are highlighted through the case study of Facebook by Reynolds (2014), where Denise Finkel sued Facebook, her former classmates, and their parents for posting defamatory statements within a private Facebook group. A thorough analysis of the entire defamation case and the parties that were impacted has been provided in this portfolio project. Moreover, the legal aspects of the case areRead MoreEthical Issues, Social Media Influence, and Medical Concerns of the iPhone 5 C Model979 Words   |  4 Pagescould alter the current medical practices. In addition, its production resulted in ethical issues that could affect its future users and non-users. This is because most of the ethical issues affect the workers (who could be prospective iPhone 5 C users). Another important aspect to note is that the social media has had an influence on the publicity of the item. This is because major debates have occurred in the social media regarding the iPhone 5 C models, which have contributed positively or negativelyRead MoreApplying Moral Decision-Making to New Media933 Words   |  4 Pagesrelated to e-business and intellectual property and write a review of it The article Ethics on the Web: Applying Moral Decision-Making to the New Media, written by Linda Sama and Victoria Shoaf, provides a thorough overview of the legal issues concerning e-business, including the implications of the various ways in which business in the New Media is more ethically compromised than traditional business procedures. Although the article was nearly ten years ago and is largely concerned with e-businessRead MoreTechnology Is The Most Useful Servant But Dangerous Master Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesto explore the darkside of using technology, especially in terms of privacy concerns, in addition, to legal and ethical issues within the healthcare field. First, this paper will address legal and regulatory standards (i.e. ​HIPAA) with the workplace. Then, this paper will address a particular scenario that showcases the darkside of using technology, and give recommendations on how to counter issues similar to the scenario that will be given. Finally, this paper will reveal the advantages and disadvantagesRead MorePolice Enforcement Has A Positive Effect On Society Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstood what power they had and were trusted to indeed carry out the law. With the development of new technology and issues arising from within our own peace keeping forces we have decided to â€Å"keep eyes on the law†. I am indeed referencing the cameras that police forces in America are required to wear in some areas of our country. Time and time again this has come up as a major ethical issue between those who agree and disagree with this policy, and I find that requiring police officers to wear these camerasRead MoreThe Ethical Landscape Of Public Relations950 Words   |  4 PagesSection 1: The Ethical Landscape: An ethical dilemma occurs when elements of a moral system conflict, but it can be thought out rationally. Given this definition there has to be a guideline for professionals to follow who deal with ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. Usually ethical dilemmas do not have a happy ending, but there has to be a way to make the situation better. There are many guidelines or codes professionals have to abide by to keep an outstanding reputation and their job. I delve intoRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On Communication1456 Words   |  6 Pageshas been permanently changed by social media. A wide conceptual definition of social media, as cited in Ressler Glazer (2010), is â€Å"The online and mobile accessible services that enable individuals to connect, collaborate, and share with others in real time.† Social media has an obvious influence on informal communication style and represents both possibility and liability for healthcare institutions. As cited in Bernhardt, Alber, Gold (2014), â€Å"Social media provide healthcare professionals with

The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd Free Essays

The secret life of bees by: Sue Monk Kidd SUMMARY: The story in The Secret Life of Bees is that of Lily Melissa Owens, a young girl who reaches puberty in rural South Carolina in 1964. Lily’s mother dies when Lily is 4 years old. That day, her mother had been packing a suitcase when her father, T. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Life of Bees by: Sue Monk Kidd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ray, raged into the house, and a big argument ensued. Her mother took a pistol off the shelf, but sometime after it fell to the floor, her mother was shot. Lily remembers the loud blast, but she can’t remember who was holding the gun. Her father tells everyone Lily accidentally shot her mother. T. Ray has a short fuse which leads to lots of verbal abuse and some physical abuse. Lily and her father are opposites. She loves reading and writing, he belittles her for reading. He’s a racist and critical of others, she’s tolerant and respectful of everyone. After her mother dies, T. Ray hires a black nanny, Rosaleen, to care for her and do the household chores. Lily loves Rosaleen although she thinks since Rosaleen has never had children of her own, Lily is her guinea pig. Rosaleen, who represents the stereotypical black figure of that time period, loves Lily and treats her as if she is her own. One day Rosaleen and Lily go to town so Rosaleen can register to vote. In town a group of white men taunt Rosaleen and she spills her snuff jar on their feet. The men beat Rosaleen until the police come and take Rosaleen to jail. At the jail, the men beat her some more. T. Ray comes to the jail to take Lily home. Back on the farm, Lily and T. Ray get into an argument, in which he tells Lily that Deborah her mother was going to leave her when she died. Lily gets so angry and she runs away. Lily frees Rosaleen from the hospital, where she was sent after her second beating. Rosaleen and Lily go to Tiburon, South Carolina because Deborah had a picture of a black Madonna on the back of which she wrote â€Å"Tiburon, SC. † Lily figures this town must have been important to Deborah. In a store, Lily sees jars of honey with pictures of the same black Madonna as their labels. Lily asks the storekeeper where the honey comes from. He tells her that a woman named August Boatwright makes the honey and that she lives in a bright pink house. Lily and Rosaleen find the pink house and knock on the door. Inside, they find three African-American sisters–August, June and May. Lily tells them that she is assing through town on the way to her aunt’s house. She tells the sisters that she is an orphan. August tells Lily and Rosaleen that they are welcome to stay for now. She says that Lily can help her with the honey business and Rosaleen can help May with the house work. May is very emotional and often cries so hard that she must go to her wailing wall in the backyard, a wall in which she places prayers for all the things that sadden her. June is not happy about having Lily stay with them because she is white. When Lily overhears June saying that she dislikes her because of her skin color, Lily realizes how absurd racism is. The sisters practice a religion they have created themselves and share with a group called The Daughters of Mary. The women pray to a statue of a black Mary that they call Our Lady of Chains. During her time in the pink house, Lily comes to practice this religion with the women. She loves these women and life in the pink house. Lily comes to feel accepted by the black women. Even June befriends her, eventually. She falls in love with August’s helper, Zach. Zach is an African-American boy, which complicates Lily’s feelings for him. One day, one of Zach’s friends throws a bottle at a white man. Because none of the boys will admit who threw the bottle, they all go to jail. The women try to keep Zach’s imprisonment a secret from May, because it would be too much for her to handle. However, May finds out from a phone call that Zach is in jail and is unable to deal with it. May commits suicide by drowning herself in the river. May’s friends and family are devastated by her death. Some good things come out of it, however. June decides to marry Neil, a man she has dated for years but always refused to marry because she was hurt once by someone else. Eventually life returns to normal in the pink house and Lily thinks about how she will have to tell August the truth soon. In the meantime, Lily and Zach kiss and he promises they will be together one day. Eventually Lily tells August who she really is. It turns out that August already knew, because she knew Lily’s mother. August worked for Deborah’s family when Deborah was a child. Years later, after Lily was born, Deborah left T. Ray and came to stay with August. August said Deborah was going back to get Lily and then she was going to divorce T. Ray. When she went home, she died. Lily is outraged and saddened to learn that Deborah left her with T. Ray. August tries to explain that Deborah was depressed not thinking clearly, but Lily cannot forgive her. One day, Lily is home alone and T. Ray comes to the door. He found out where she was because she called him collect once. T. Ray went to the place she called from and a woman told him where she was. T. Ray demands that Lily comes home with him. When T. Ray notices the pin Lily is wearing, a pin he gave Deborah, Lily explains that Deborah came to the pink house when she left him. T. Ray goes into a rage and beats Lily, all the while calling her Deborah, August and Rosaleen return to the house. August tells T. Ray that Lily can stay. Ray agrees and leaves. Lily chases his car and asks him if she was responsible for her mother’s death. T. Ray says it was an accident, but Lily killed her. Lily finally learns to forgive her mother and herself. She is happy living with August. She goes to school with Zach. Lily learns the importance of female communities and that women can be mothers to each other. RELEVANCE: Memory is something that lily has lost of her mother and is trying to gain back throughout the story. There is one specific incident that she can’t forget and it’s the day her mother tried to leave home and lily ends up killing her by shooting her with a gun. Lily goes through a lot of up’s and down’s trying to find out what happened to her mother and since her guardian T. Ray is just bad mouthing lily’s mother and trying to prevent her, she goes to great lengths to get her answers and runs away with Rosaleen. A lot of emotional damage has already been done to lily by T. Ray but she is strong and wants to know about her mother and in the story she stops at nothing to get her answers. Lily and Rosaleen end up at a pink house with three African-American women and ask if they can stay with them, over time they all start getting to know each other. Lily starts to experience emotions that she never knew she could have besides the emotions that she has for Rosaleen. The mistreatment from T. Ray didn’t really allow her to have any space in her heart for better emotions. Lily starts falling in love with the helper but because of his race it complicates things but that emotion for a boy is more than what she expected to find on the adventure of finding out things about her mother. Lily wasn’t just searching for information about her mother or emotions that were better than the ones T. Ray was giving her but also some sense of identity. Lily feels that there’s a big part of her missing because she doesn’t know anything about her mom. According to the text in child development by John W. Santrock â€Å"identity moratorium is a status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis† and in the story lily is in one. She is trying to get information about someone she cares about but barely knows. Lily does eventually find out the truth about her mother and even though she can’t get her mother back she did gain mother-like figures. CRITIQUE: I personally like this book because of the depth in the story. Also the lesson learned throughout. The time the story takes place was a very hard time for African-Americans because of the racism and discrimination against them. Lily went through a hard time without her parents and I say in plural parents because T. Ray may have tried to play the father figure but didn’t prevail because of his over controlling and demanding ways. Also, the grief and grudge he still holds against Deborah doesn’t allow him to move on. Lily spent most of her life feeling guilty when she gained recognition of what did to her mom. She went out searching for information about her mom and gained mothers. The topic of racism and discrimination has always a touchy topic for me because of how bad emotionally wise African-Americans besides physical ways there have been tormented and traumatized and just the details of it in a book affect me deeply as the actions were occurring to me. How to cite The Secret Life of Bees by: Sue Monk Kidd, Essays

Case Studies on Management Behavior

Questions: 1. Discuss word root, prefix, suffix, and combining form in relation to determining the meaning of medical terms. 2. Explain how the phonetically spelled pronunciation guide aids you to pronounce medical words or phrases correctly.?3. Describe the major organs within that system, how they work together to perform the major functions of the system, and at least 2 illnesses related to the system. Answers: 1. Medical terms consist of three fundamental segments. They are word roots, prefixes and suffixes and the ultimate meaning of the word is obtained based on the combination of these three segments. In this, modifying even a single segment will change entire meaning. Prefix is the segment of the word that is attached in front of the word root in order to alter the meaning. Prefix cannot be found all medical terms. Word root is the core part of the word. Upon addition of prefix or suffix, the meaning can be changed easily. Suffix is the last part of the word root. Vowel combination such as a or o can facilitate the word pronunciation of medical terms (Gyllys Wedding, 2013). 2. Some medical terms may sound alike but they are generally spelled variously and therefore they possess different meanings. For instance: The meaning of the term phagia (Fay-jee-ya) is swallowing the food and phasia (Fay-zee-ah). Another word, ileum (ill-ee-um) and ilium (ill-ee-um), ileum means a small part in small intestine and ilium means hip bone. The next word is humeral (hyoo-mer-ral) which means pertaining to the bone named humerus and the similar word humoral (hyoo-mer-uhl) which means body fluids such as hormones, lymph, blood etc (Gyllys Wedding, 2013). Mispronunciation of these words may lead to misdiagnosis of the illness, leading to the wrong treatment. 3. Respiratory system is collection of various major organs which assisting breathing. The chief function of the system is respiration. Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, Diaphragm are the chief organs of respiration. Diaphragm physically aids in the actions required for breathing such as inhalation and exhalation. Trachea act as an air filter that filters microbes and dust particles in the inhaled air. Bronchi carry the air in and out of lungs. Lungs inhale oxygen and transport it to other organs via RBC cells of blood and received carbon di oxide from other tissues via blood and exhales via bronchi to nose. The two major illnesses concerned with respiratory system are Asthma which is a kind of allergic disorder causing wheezing and shortness of breath and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder due to chronic infection rendering inability to breath (Chin et al., 2013). References Chin, R., Jorden, G., Cheng, S. 2013.Does the Respiratory System Limit Exercise in Mild COPD?, Available Online: https://www.powerbreathe.com/media/wysiwyg/pdfs/CHIN_DoesTheRespiratorySystemLimitExerciseInMildCOPD.pdf, Viewed on 28/3/2015 Gyllys, BA Wedding ME. 2013. Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, F.A Davis Publishers, PA.

Rumors of War free essay sample

Philip Caputo, the author of A Rumor of War, was born in 1941. He grew up to be an American author and journalist. Caputo is best known for A Rumor of War but has written 14 other books. He attended college at Loyola University of Chicago and after receiving his college education, in 1965 he went to serve in the Republic of Vietnam as a platoon commander in the United States Marine Corps. He served in combat and also received a number of awards and medals due to his good service. After serving in the war, Caputo took up journalism in 1968 and joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune. From 1968 to 1973, he was a foreign correspondent for the Tribune and covered the fall of Saigon, served in Italy, the Soviet Union and the Middle East. A Rumor of War is divided into three sections. The first part Caputo named â€Å"The Splendid Little War† and in this part he explains why he joined the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Rumors of War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. Marine Corps, describes his training, and tells about his arrival in Vietnam. In the U. S. Marine Corps, Lieutenant Philip Caputo was a part of the ninth Expeditionary Brigade, which was the first group of troops sent into the Vietnam War. His brigade was deployed to Da Nang and they were supposed to set the perimeter for an airstrip that would ensure the arrival and departure of military troops and goods. Caputo and the ninth Expeditionary Brigade had clashed with the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, leading to combat that proved that this war was going to be one they could not lose and would have to fight hard for a victory. The second section of the book is called â€Å"The Officer in Charge of the Dead. † In this part, Caputo tells about when he was reassigned from engaging in combat with his brigade to sitting at a desk documenting casualties. He was not happy with his enrollment into the Joint Staff of the brigade because he preferred to be out in the battlefield engaging in combat rather than sitting inside at a desk. Caputo was proud of serving his country and fighting with a rifle and did not want to be cooped up inside. However, his time away from the battlefields gave Caputo a different outlook on the war. He started to notice that the officers were more concerned over trivial matters rather than strategies. Caputo also describes soldiers showing off the dead bodies of their enemies that they defeated and were almost seen as trophies. He also witnessed American corpses holding evidence of Viet Cong torture. The last section Caputo titled â€Å"In Death’s Grey Land† and it is in this section when he gets reassigned to his rifle company. He admits that he views the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong as fierce and skilled fighters and that they have earned his and other American soldiers’ respect. Caputo and his fellow troops had wished and hoped for World War II type battles but instead learned to detect boobytraps and how to survive and make their way through the Vietnam jungles. One day, troops under Caputo’s command miscarried orders and deliberately shot two suspects. Lieutenant Philip Caputo took full responsibility of his troops poor decisions and was forced to face a court martial. The charges against him were eventually dropped, he was reassigned to training in North Carolina, then received an honorable discharge from serving in the United States Marine Corps. Philip Caputo uses himself as a source for his book A Rumor of War. He does not create a fictitious character to portray himself and instead creates more of an auto-biog]\[=’raphy or memior by using his own name and describing the events that occurred in his life while serving in the United States Marine Corps. In the book’s foreward, he states his purpose for writing the book. He makes it clear that it is not a history book nor is it a historical accusation. Caputo acts as a primary source for A Rumor of War and used his personal experiences to create his story. He states in his book that, â€Å"this is simply a story about war, about the things men do in war and the things war does to them. Caputo stated that his purpose of the book was just to inform American readers and all readers about the Vietnam War, including the whole ugly truth of the Vietnam War and wars in general. Americans were blinded to the truth of war and had no clue what was going on with the soldiers fighting in battle and representing their country during the Vietnam War until A Rumor of War and other books and articles were published. As Theodore Solotaroff wrote in the New York Times Book Review, the troubled conscience of America speaking passionately, truthfully, finally.

Eleanor Roosevelt essays

Eleanor Roosevelt essays Eleanor Roosevelt was a very important woman in our history. She overcame her problems with her husband to help end the Great Depression. She not only worked against the depression but she was a pioneer in the fight for womens rights. She also helped people by writing her daily column My Day which touched many peoples lives. Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 into a wealthy New York family. Eleanors mother was disappointed because Eleanor was not beautiful and graceful. Eleanor developed an inordinate desire for affection and praise (The American Experience) in response to her plain looks and lack of manners Eleanors greatest wish was to please her father (Freedman p. 9) Eleanors father found no fault in her looks, and Eleanor was completely devoted to him. She enjoyed dressing up and dancing for her father and his friends as a young child. (The American Experience) In 1892 Eleanors mother died of diphtheria and Eleanor happily moved in with her father, who she was separated from when her parents were divorced because of her fathers drinking problems. Two years later her father died of alcoholism. Then Eleanor moved in with her grandmother. In 1899 Eleanors grandmother sent her to Allenswood and all girls boarding school in England. There Eleanor began to develop some assertiveness. Then one of he r teachers chose Eleanor to be her traveling partner in Europe, and Eleanor was introduced to a lifestyle of and independent women (The American Experience). She returned home in 1902. Three years later Eleanor fell in love and was married to her fifth cousin Franklin Roosevelt. Shortly after Roosevelt and Eleanor were married Franklins over protective mother, started to control Eleanor. I was beginning to be and entirely dependent person, Eleanor said, Someone always to decide everything for me. (The America...

Definition and Examples of Logos in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Logos in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, logos is the means of persuasion by demonstration of logical proof, real or apparent. Plural: logoi. Also called  rhetorical  argument, logical proof, and  rational appeal. Logos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotles rhetorical theory. Logos has many meanings, notes George A. Kennedy. [I]t is anything that is said, but that can be a word, a sentence, part of a speech or of a written work, or a whole speech. It connotes the content rather than the style (which would be lexis) and often implies logical reasoning. Thus it can also mean argument and reason . . .. Unlike rhetoric, with its sometimes negative connotations, logos  [in the classical era] was consistently regarded as a positive factor in human life (A New History of Classical Rhetoric, 1994).   Etymology From the Greek, speech, word, reason Examples and Observations Aristotles third element of proof [after ethos and pathos] was logos or logical proof. . . . Like Plato, his teacher, Aristotle would have preferred that speakers use correct reasoning, but Aristotles approach to life was more pragmatic than Platos, and he wisely observed that skilled speakers could persuade by appealing to proofs that seemed true.Logos and the SophistsVirtually every person considered a Sophist by posterity was concerned with instruction in logos. According to most accounts, the teaching of the skills of public argument was the key to the Sophists financial success, and a good part of their condemnation by Plato...Logos in Platos PhaedrusRetrieving a more sympathetic Plato includes retrieving two essential Platonic notions. One is the very broad notion of logos that is at work in Plato and the sophists, according to which logos means speech, statement, reason, language, explanation, argument, and even the intelligibility of the world itself. Another is the notion, f ound in Platos Phaedrus, that logos has its own special power, psychagogia, leading the soul, and that rhetoric is an attempt to be an art or discipline of this power. Logos in Aristotles Rhetoric-  Aristotles great innovation in the Rhetoric is the discovery that argument is the center of the art of persuasion. If there are three sources of proof, logos, ethos, and pathos, then logos is found in two radically different guises in the Rhetoric. In I.4-14, logos is found in enthymemes, the body of proof; form and function are inseparable; In II.18-26 reasoning has force of its own. I.4-14 is hard for modern readers because it treats persuasion as logical, rather than emotional or ethical, but it is not in any easily recognizable sense formal.Logos vs. MythosThe logos of sixth- and fifth-century [BC] thinkers is best understood as a rationalistic rival to traditional mythosthe religious worldview preserved in epic poetry. . . . The poetry of the time performed the functions now assigned to a variety of educational practices: religious instruction, moral training, history texts, and reference manuals (Havelock 1983, 80). . . . Because the vast majori ty of the population did not read regularly, poetry was preserved communication that served as Greek cultures preserved memory. Proof QuestionsLogical proofs  (SICDADS) are convincing because they are real and drawn from experience. Answer all of the proof questions that apply to your issue.Signs: What signs show that this might be true?Induction: What  examples  can I use? What conclusion can I draw from the examples? Can my readers make the inductive leap from the examples to an acceptance of the conclusion?Cause: What is the main cause of the controversy? What are the effects?Deduction: What conclusions will I draw? What general principles, warrants, and examples are they based on?Analogies: What  comparisons  can I make? Can I show that what happened in the past might happen again or that what happened in one case might happen in another?Definition: What do I need to define?Statistics: What statistics can I use? How should I present them   Pronunciation LO-gos Sources Halford Ryan,  Classical Communication for the Contemporary Communicator. Mayfield, 1992Edward Schiappa,  Protagoras, and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric, 2nd ed. University of South Carolina Press, 2003James Crosswhite,  Deep Rhetoric: Philosophy, Reason, Violence, Justice, Wisdom. The University of Chicago Press, 2013Eugene Garver,  Aristotles Rhetoric: An Art of Character. The University of Chicago Press, 1994Edward Schiappa,  The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece. Yale University Press, 1999N. Wood,  Perspectives on Argument. Pearson, 2004

Art & beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art & beauty - Essay Example By 1920s people started to take sunbath for leisure and a healthy and beautiful look. Beauty is an idea which changes with the matter of time. Historically, people had a standard that well-fed bodies are beautiful and with the changing time slim bodies have become a sign of beauty. It is a common saying in this world that beauty hails from art. Sensible art and media is the creation of selections arranged by an artist or media maker. Whereas these metaphors can provide us a fine idea of what people consider or think is beautiful, the metaphors do not essentially provide us a good plan of what people actually seem to be like. For instance, newspapers and television nowadays do not truly symbolize a precise sample of people in the actual world. In the olden times art was predicted as a base of beauty; quite a few even avowed that natural beauty is subsidiary to artistic beauty. Plato, conversely, divided art and beauty into two self-determining thoughts: genuine beauty reflects reality , whereas art is a misleading simulation of nature. Aristotle, by difference, held that good art is beautiful and that, consequently, the two are indivisible: a great work of art is an attractive work. The Aristotelian aesthetic belief succeeded for centuries, but it was the eighteenth century that provided growth to the concept that forming beauty is the necessary point of art (Freeland, pg 31-40). Kant holds that great art is beautiful, though it fluctuates appreciably from natural beauty: a good work of art is a beautiful image. An image can be beautiful even if its topic is not beautiful (Freeland, pg 10-15) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) squabbles that beauty is the necessary trait of art, and natural beauty is a likeness of artistic beauty (Harold, 1972). In this view, beauty reflects deliberate creation, not minor results of sightless, natural forces. Aesthetic refers to someone's personal idea of what is beautiful. It can also be said as an individuals own taste and judgment of things. It is the theoretical idea of what beauty really is. Similarly in the case of arts one also uses his own personal idea to judge how beautiful one piece of art is. There has been a debate since the beginning of this world on the subject of aesthetics. Kant famously related aesthetics with the subject of arts. In his view a good view about aesthetics depends upon the originality and the beauty of the art works. While on the other hand David Hume gave his own perception about Aesthetics (Freeland pg 8-10). It stated that the view about the artworks depends upon an individuals own taste and culture. Aesthetics is directly related to arts when it comes to the appreciation of a work. Aesthetics may help one to realize the beauty of a piece of art. Q. What is art Why we value art so much. Freeland supports the "cognitive" concept of art--which, in her observation, holds that art is parallel to language as it "communicates complex thoughts." This is a doubtful suggestion, because it entails that art first and foremost occupies a straight transfer of information or awareness. At any rate, it is primarily fiction and drama between the arts that can pass on "complex thoughts," however infrequently as unambiguously as expository prose (Freeland, pg 148-155). The expression concept, according to Freeland, holds that art talks "something in the realm of feelings and emotions"--a vision she discovers too restraining. Art, she indicates,

Businesses Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Businesses Marketing - Essay Example Moreover, he claims that, in order to understand how consumers actually make buying decisions, three scopes have to be identified, which are who makes the buying decision, the types of buying decisions, and the steps in the buying process. This report will examine the importance of marketing to organizations in the twenty-first century. It will focus on one company, namely Mercedes Benz, and first of all show what marketing is. In addition, it will look at how Mercedes Benz uses marketing strategies and techniques. Furthermore, it will consider the reasons why marketing is essential to this organization, and how it has changed its use of marketing and how it might continue to do so in the future. In order to do this, it will be necessary to use marketing models and examples throughout. Also, a history and definition of modern marketing will be given. Next, the functions of marketing will be explained. A description of the marketing process, with particular emphasis on the development of integrated marketing strategies by organizations will also be covered. ... It was around 1960, when marketing mix was first introduced. The concept of the marketing mix primarily revolves around marketing's four Ps, which include price, product, place and promotion (Grnroos, 1994). From then on, this basic marketing mix model remained unchallenged. It even overpowered earlier marketing models Wroe Alderson's organic functionalist approach as well as the system-oriented approaches and parameters theory advocated by Copenhagen school in Europe. Similarly, previous approaches like the commodity, functional geography-related regional and institutional schools, have long been forgotten. For a long time, the use of marketing mix has been concentrated on the simple business to customer market. For over forty years, the management paradigm of marketing mix has indeed dominated most thoughts, practice and research of marketing. As time goes, the concept of the marketing mix and the four Ps had become an irrefutable paradigm used in academic research, which in turn results to validity being taken for granted. In most parts of the marketing and academic world, researchers remain to consider the concept as the epitome of marketing truth even up to the present time. One way of using the marketing mix in generating greater understanding and communications is through the establishment of long lasting customer relationships. For years, there has been a growing interest on the study of customer relationship economics. It has been introduced by Heskett et al. (1994) that understanding the concept of market economies means the achievement of understanding the customers rather than focusing on the development of scale economies. One example cited by Reichheld (1993, p. 65) was the result of his study at MBNA, a US credit card

Social Order Essay Example for Free

Social Order Essay Functionalists theory assumes that a certain degree of order and stability is essential for the survival of social systems. Without it, society may be exposed to chaos and disorder. Therefore, social order is essential for society and it refers to shared nor,s and values, which provide the foundation for cooperation, since common values produce goals. Functionalists believe that social order exists in the concept of value consensus to a large extent. Functionalists believe that without collective conscience/shared values and beliefs, achieving social order is impossible and social order is crucial for the well-being of society. They believe that value consensus forms the basic integrating principle in society. And if members of society have shared values they therefore also have similar identities, this helps cooperation and avoids conflict. Talcott Parsons argues that social order is achieved through the existence of a shared value system. According to him, Social order is only possible as long as members of the society agree on these norms and values. This agreement is called value consensus. Parsons argues that socialization helps to ensure that individuals conform to shared values and meet the systems needs. Through the socialization process individuals internalize the systems norms and values so that society becomes part of their personality structure. Different agencies of socialization such as family, school. etc On the other hand, The Marxists see the functionalists view of consensus as pure fiction. According to them, what actually happens is that the rich force the rest of the population to compliance and conformity. According to them there are scarce resources such as prestige, power and wealth, and the demands for these things exceed the supply. Those who get in control of these resources now use it for their interest at the expense of others. In conclusion, the functionalists theory sees social order as being maintained by value consensus. According to them, the society is organized, well integrated and stable through value consensus. While the Marxists see this view of consensus as pure fiction and say that social order is maintained by force.

Pledge of Allegiance: A Perfect Symbol of Hypocrisy Essay -- American

Every morning over 75 million students around the nation recite the Pledge of Allegiance verbatim (Digest of Education Statistics). If one walks up to one of these students and asks them about the meaning and the origin of this pledge, what would they say? Nothing. However, even though more than a million students recite these words every day, not more than half probably know the true meaning behind these words. One cannot deny the fact that most of these children just want to get this pledge â€Å"over with† to continue talking to their peers. The Pledge of Allegiance has gone through several changes since Francis Bellamy, a Baptist minister, wrote it in 1892. The pledge acts as a source of patriotism, national pride and controversy. The statement, â€Å"under God† has caused much controversy and has created a distinct line between the supporters and non supporters of the pledge. America, which famously provides one with true equality, ironically has a pledge that goes against its doctrine and foundations. The changes that occur throughout the years to the pledge that results in its undeniable controversy and losing value. The adjustments lead to the pledge’s undeniable ambiguity and the nation should revert to its previous 1924 pledge. Every day, while facing the flag, American students exhibit their loyalty to the country by reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Written in 1892, during the 400th celebration of Columbus Day, the pledge used in â€Å"ceremonies that would culminate in raising of the flag† (Pledge of Allegiance). The creation of the pledge resulted from one sole event, the Civil War. Before the American Civil War of 1861, the American flag used to be a rare sight for many people. The Civil War resulted in the rise of patriotism an... ...ual. Baer, John. The Pledge of Allegiance, A Centennial History, 1892 - 1992, Annapolis, Md. Free State Press, Inc., 1992. "The Pledge of Allegiance." The Pledge of Allegiance. Aug. 17 2006: n.p. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 02 Apr 2012. Demar, Gary. "The Pledge of Allegiance Goes to Trial." American Vision. N.p., 04/10/2005. Web. 27 March 2012. Nunberg, Geoffrey. "I Pledge Allegiance To Linguistic Obfuscation." npr.org. npr, 30/03/2010. Web. 1 Apr 2012. United States. U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. Pledge of Allegiance. VA: , Web. Kline, Austin, â€Å"Defending ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance,† posted on the â€Å"About† website, March 30th, 2004, Drey, Riley. "Misguided Patriotism and the Pledge of Allegiance." LDS Liberty. Riley Drey, 24/11/2010. Web. 24 March 2012. Nunberg, Geoffrey. E-mail Interview. 3/4/2012.

Sometimes It Snows In April

It was just another typical evening at Silver Town. Rowan, Shannon, Reeve, and I were five friends from Madison high and we were driving past Rose Hall (the famous haunted house) on that Halloween evening. The house lay in ruins. Not a single soul had lived in it for over fifty years. There, it stood, alone in the hills, rising from the green cane fields. There were no other houses near by. It stood there day and night, all alone. Every one said the devil lived there and that anyone who slept in the house will die violently and mysteriously or survive, hopelessly insane. Nevertheless people did go into the house from time to time. We all went in as well but that was in broad daylight, of course. We visited the grand rooms and we went down the back staircases to the cellar, where Annie Palmer used to practice black magic and where the dark brown stain that was said to be the blood of her last murdered husband. Rose Hall was not a nice place at all. Even in bright sunshine the windows were broken and black with dust and grime. Every Halloween night the five of us, oh sorry I forgot to mention Mace, he has a record for violent disorder, well to me he has†¦. it as 2 years ago on an Autumn evening me and Mace went down to the new arcade arena, and for nothing Mace beat up a young boy in the toilets, I had to hold him back. Mace has always been a bit odd and he always picks on people for no reason. He may be a mad person, but he sure is my friend. Anyhow back to the story†¦ the 5 of us went down to our high school where other friends would come, and we used to have a Halloween party, sometimes everyone used to dress up as vampires and other weird things. But really, we use to get together with everyone and play games, sit around telling horror stories and mostly for fun. On that night we turned up to the party quite late and found every one busy playing games and talking. We walked in and found a round table near the corner and went to sit down. Just when we were all starting to get bored Shannon came up with the idea about playing truth or dare. We started to play and that's when all the trouble started to come. We all wrote out our separate dares on pieces of white paper, folded them and placed them in a vase. We picked out our dares. First Rowan, then me, Mace after, followed by Reeve and then Shannon. One by one every one started to leave as it as getting quite late and it was only the five of us left and with one or two people that were on the other side of the hall. It all started when it was Shannon's dare, I could tell it was something bad by the look on Mace's face. Shannon's dare was to go to Rose Hall, knock on the door and say trick or treat. At first we all thought that it was a very good idea and that we should all go trick or treating. It was really dark with hardly any one on the streets. All the little children had gone home and nearly all the lights were switched off. We drove up slowly and we could see the dark deserted house all there lone and it felt as though it was waiting for us. For some strange reason the journey up the hill seemed to take years and what more it was starting to rain, and not only that Mace was driving. It started to thunder and lightning struck, and then it looked at us, smelled us, it was as though the lightening and the fear from it was its light. The house never looked more evil, every film, nightmare, anything scary that makes me want to run under my parents covers when their not there flashed before my very eyes, It gave me the shivers and I felt that something inside was telling me; This is not right; turn back, evil dwells here†. These words were running through my head over and over again. At that moment I remember Reeve calling me. I told them to turn back the car in a very quiet voice. They all looked at me as though I was stupid or something. Then Reeve asked me what was wrong for the second time, but this time I didn't bother as I was starting to get really scared. Nobody was listening to me. I thought they were all thinking I had gone mad. Just then I heard a whisper saying `I can't turn the car'. Straight away I looked at Mace's face. I heard him say it again to the four of us. This time he said it in fear. We all went silent staring ahead. The only sound to be heard was the rain. It was getting louder and louder as we drew closer and closer to the grim Rose Hall. In a flash we were there. It was dark. The rain had stopped now and I could feel a cold breeze rushing past my face; it did not feel like the normal winter breeze, it was a shivering breeze, an evil, deathly breeze. Shannon walked towards the door slowly. We followed behind her and it felt as though each step that we took towards the door was the last. `Knock, knock' We felt the sound vibrate in the silence surrounding us. At this instant I grabbed Mace's arm with the thought that something was going to open the door. We waited and waited till we all felt relieved that nothing was there to let us in. We all turned back with the intention of leaving, but just then we heard the door start to creak open slowly. Before we even had the chance to look back Shannon, had gone and we heard it. We heard the faint scream for help. My legs started to shake, I was weak, I felt as though I was at a funeral, my heart was soft, and I could feel it beat, it was fast. The tears were there. Rowan screamed and then she urst into tears and fell down on her knees. We could feel the silent night looking down at the four of us, helpless, knowing that there was no turning back now, but only to face the fear ahead of us. It felt like as though we were in the part of a film, a funeral, everyone crying, sad music at the background, everywhere you look there was sorrow. The door was left there wide open for us, and we knew that there was no way out. We made the final decision that we had to go into Rose Hall and find Shannon. We went in pairs: me and Mace, Rowan and Reeve. We all had the fear hidden inside us, but outwardly we showed raveness as we stepped into the forbidden house. As we walked in, we found our selves in the middle of the hallway with only two straight narrow paths ahead of us that were never there before. Looking at these paths we knew that one of these path would lead us home where as one would lead us to another world, the world we did not want to enter, the world contradicted by hope, but we did not know which was which. Mace and I decided that we would go right, but Reeve and Rowan wanted to go the same way as well. We sensed that we only had a short period of time and we had no time to argue, so I ecided that Mace and I should go left and let the other two go right. As we approached our paths we all turned around at the same time, and looked at each other, thinking that it's the last time. I ran towards Reeve and my closest friend, Rowan, and gave them both a big hug, which felt to me as if it was bringing back all the memories of the five of us together with smiles on our faces. I felt Mace's warm hand around my shoulder drawing me away from Reeve and Rowan. I remember Mace telling me that there was nothing we could do, except to face what was coming, we did not have a choice because, the door ad closed behind us. I managed to pull my-self away from both of them. We said good-bye to each other for the final time, and we started to walk. Our footsteps sounded very loud on the wooden floor. Everything smelt damp and moldy and there was silence as if many ears were listening to our footsteps. I felt as though I had been walking for many days without stopping, not realizing how much pain I was in, but instead realizing the fear. Mace and I started to walk faster, after a couple of minutes or probably hours, I began to feel as though I was reaching destiny, only not knowing what it was. Mace suddenly stopped. He grabbed my hand and pulled me back. We stood there for a couple of minutes and then we heard two screams. At first I did not want to believe what I had heard but I had to and I decided to go back for them. I didn't know what was going through my head; I started to run as fast as I could until I tripped over something and for a minute I thought I was dead. I was sitting there when I felt something dripping on me. It was really dark which meant I couldn't see what it was, but I decided to smell it. It smelt weird. It smelt like blood. Just then I let out the oudest scream that I had ever screamed in my whole entire life. I heard Mace's footsteps coming towards me as yet I did not look up. He came and sat next to me. I remember Mace whispering in my ear and asking me what was wrong. I told him I felt something dripping on me and it smelt like blood. Mace smokes, so he always carries a box of matches' in-case his lighter never worked. We were both sitting there and it felt as though we had given up hope. Mace took a cigarette out of his pocket and a box of matches to light the cigarette. When the fire flicked on the match something took it out. I started to get really scared; I knew something or someone else was in there apart from the both of us. I sat there silently, trying my hardest not to make a move, I even held my breath, and although it was dark, I closed my eyes. Those couple of seconds felt like a couple of hours. He flicked his match again and this time the flame did not go out. He looked around to see if anything was there, but he couldn't find anything. Just then he felt something drip on him. He looked up slowly. I remember him being quiet for a long time until I looked up. It was a horrible site, a photographical site and memory, and I hate hinking about it. I was too shocked to cry or even say anything. I could feel my heart beat getting faster and my body getting cold and hot and cold and hot. It was Shannon. She was covered in blood, her eyes red and wide open, her mouth also open with her tongue sticking out, accompanied with her ever slow blood flowing to the end of her tongue where it built up only to drip, there was blood all over her body, and there was only distinguishable as a pole trusted in her belly, flowing with blood, holding her, supporting her to the ceiling. She was a mess. All hope that I ever had was lost, it felt like a child getting its ost awaited toy and only after getting it, it was taken away, I felt what the people walking aimlessly in the desert with a dry throat felt, after running with joy at the first site of water only to discover it was a mirage. We couldn't do anything apart from walking ahead. Every step felt like the last one. We walked and walked in total darkness, with the presence of our recent memories until our legs couldn't carry us any longer so we both had to sit down. I put my head down and I remember thinking about what my family was doing and what time it was. Just then Mace told me to look up, he told me that e reached it; he told me that we have reached our destiny. Without saying a thing I stood up in amazement, speechless. â€Å"Mace, Shannon, Rowan, and Reeve we're home†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Darling, wake up†. I opened my eyes so many people, my own people. `I'm home, I'm home†¦ Where are the rest where are they? ‘ `I'm sorry darling. They†¦ , they died in the car accident. Thank god that you survived'. From that day to this I don't know how we ended up in the car accident, and I don't know why I came back but Mace didn't. Every time I drive past Rose Hall I hear the screams of Reeve and Rowan and still see the body of Shannon. Twenty-five years have passed and things have changed in the outside world, but I have not changed. For me my past is still living and haunting me. I have still not yet uncovered the mysteries of that night in Rose Hall. It's a normal evening at Silver Town. Halloween night has come back to me again. And as I'm driving towards Rose Hall I hear again the same voice, the voice that I once heard twenty-five years ago but this time it is saying `Come†¦ come†¦ come'. I still don't know if Mace lied when he said he couldn't turn the car around, but I do believe that he is still alive and I am going back for him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Language Learning Strategies

Over the last few decades, ‘college of self-education’ has assumed more importance than the ‘college of education.’ That is to say, a noticeable transformation has taken place, as for language learning. The emphasis is more on learners and learning than teachers and teaching. The system of language education has undergone metamorphic changes. The focus is on the learner. The learner-centered curriculum and the learner-centeredness as for language education are the concepts in practice now. Many papers/articles have appeared emphasizing the above shift. The use of language learning strategies (in second and foreign language (LLS) in second and foreign language (L2/FL) for learning and teaching have become part of the language syllabi.Defining of Language Learning Strategies:â€Å"Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined learning strategies (LS) broadly as â€Å"behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning† which are â€Å"intended to in fluence the learner's encoding process† (p. 315) Later Mayer (1988) more specifically defined LS as â€Å"behaviors of a learner that are intended to influence how the learner processes information† (p. 11).Human beings have the innate tendency to process the language and learning which in fact means processing of the information. Learning skills are the inseparable part of the learning process, whatever be the content or context. Learning skills are put to use in all subjects—like Mathematics, History, Geography, Language etc. Learning environment vary, it can be informal as well as classroom setting.As for L2/FL education—it has been defined by Tarone (1983) as â€Å"an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in the target language — to incorporate these into one's inter language competence† (p. 67). Tarone, E. (1983).The earlier focus was on the linguistic or sociolinguistic competence. It has progressively changed and the current emphasis is on processes and the characteristics of LLS. One point incidentally. LLS are distinct from learning styles. Learning styles mainly concern to innate, inborn and chosen ways of noting, absorbing and processing the acquired information and skills. There exists, however, a distinct relationship between one’s own style of learning the language and the language learning strategies adopted by one.Good language learner/High Proficient students:The ways or learning a language varies from person to person. The choicest way to learn a language can not be singled out. The best way to pick up the language comes from within. You have the intense desire to learn a particular language and therefore you are immersed in the related activities that help the cause. Read books, watch movies, interact with people who speak that language, study the related articles in the magazines. If you cultivate a friend circle in the language of your choice, you pick up the language q uickly. You need not pay intense attention to the grammar at the initial stages. Join a tutored course and own a self-study package.Tutored learning is the commonly accepted mode to learn and acquire skill in a language. The experienced teacher in a classroom, who has handled hundreds of students in the past, knows their initial problems and the related solutions can provide motivation for the language learners. Language learning need not be a serious and tense exercise. If you travel and tour the country of the targeted language, your language related questions and problems get an automatic solution. Over the period, you find that you have picked up the language.Foreign language learning strategies:Research made to find the best method to teach a language is voluminous. The relevant answers to this problem came from the learners themselves. It was found that tested strategies play an effective role in the area of language learning. Of all the methods the ones classified by Oxford ( 1990) provided a system and stability to the whole process. Oxford viewed learning strategies as â€Å"specific actions taken by the learner to make leaning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations† (p.8). The strategies are divided in to two categories:Direct Strategies: They are further classified into a) Memory strategies b) Cognitive strategies c) Compensation strategies.Indirect Strategies: These are further classified into a) Metacognitive Studies b) Affective Strategies c) Social Strategies(Oxford, 1990, p 16)Memory strategies are, i) creating mental images, ii) applying images and sounds, iii) reviewing well.Cognitive strategies are,   i) practicing, ii) analyzing and reasoning iii) creating structure for input and output.Compensation strategies are, i) guessing intelligently, ii) overcoming limitations in speaking and writing.As for Indirect Strategies,Metacognitive strategies are, i) centering your learning, ii) arranging and planning your learning iii) evaluating your learning.Affective strategies are, i) lowering your anxiety, ii) encouraging yourself, iii) taking your emotional temperature.Social strategies are, i) asking questions, ii) co-operating with others, iii) empathizing with others. (Oxford, 1990, p 17).Factors affecting the Choice of Learning Strategies:Many factors influence the selection of strategies employed by the students learning a second language. The most important factor is motivation. A highly motivated student is different from the less motivated one. If one has a particular and strong reason for learning the language, one picks up the language fast. Sometimes, career prospectuses are linked to the language. In such cases, one is expected to learn a language within the specified period. Females use such strategy in a greater degree than the male counterparts. Memorization is related to cultural background. Asian students showed higher degree of expert ise in this area. Attitudes and beliefs play the dominant role. The negative attitudes do not help the cause. The positive attitudes have a profound effect. The type of task assists in determining the strategy employed to carry it out. As for the age, the older and more advanced students employ different strategies. Learning style is also one of the important factors in the selection of the strategy. Tolerance of ambiguity is directly related to the selection of the strategy. (Language†¦..)Proficiency and language learning strategies:The number of English language learners is rising steadily. Special interventions for underachieves are therefore necessary. Different approaches are tried for teaching academics to students to whom English is a second language. It is no ordinary task to teach a student in a language in which he has no mastery. Lots of information is now available as for students hailing from different cultural/linguistic backgrounds. Firstly, the traditional peer- assisted Learning Strategies to enhance student efficiency in English are effective. Such a strategy has shown positive results on the reading achievement.Another intervention is Bilingual Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition program. This was beneficial for the Spanish-speaking students. In this intervention the focus is on writing, reading in both Spanish and English language activities. The students are divided into small co-operative learners groups. Another invention is Instructional Conversations and Literature Logs. The goal here is to enhance the comprehension ability and also English language proficiency. Importance is given to small-group discussions. The teachers   act as facilitators for the group, while the group of students is engaged in telling stories, relate personal experiences which are helpful   in understanding each other, keep topics and concepts, writing independently short notes as per the writing prompts.Answer questions related to stories etc. The exercises have high potential effects on the Language learners and they contribute to fast development of the English language skills. They also help the communication skills. â€Å"The Vocabulary Improvement Program for English Language Learners and Their Classmates (VIP) is a vocabulary development curriculum for English language learners and native English speakers (grades 4-6). The 15-week program includes 30-45 minute whole class and small group activities, which aim to increase students' understanding of target vocabulary words included in a weekly reading assignment.†(What works†¦) Many more such interventions are employed and language learning strategies followed for proficiency in English language.Why are LLS important for L2?â€Å"Within ‘communicative' approaches to language teaching a key goal is for the learner to develop communicative competence in the target L2/FL, and LLS can help students in doing so.† The importance of communication st rategies is an essential factor of strategic competence. Communication skill and language learning strategies differ in substance. The speakers make an intentional and conscious effort to communicate in a L2/FL.All strategies that L2/FL learners utilize in the language which they intend to learn are covered under LLS. LLS are very essential for learning the language because they are the proper tools for self-initiated active involvement, which is necessary for enhancing communicative skills.Conclusion:During the last few decades, many changes have occurred relating to teacher’s professional learning and consequently they have influenced and affected the teaching methods/standards for the students. Computes have influenced the teaching and studying pattern much. One can see effective use of technology in all areas. The pattern of collaborative activity between the teachers and the students has also undergone perceptible changes and such changes are for the better. They have he lped to create drastic level of improvement in the communication, and speaking skills. The teachers understand the needs of the students better. The students understand the expectations of the teachers even better. In this materialistic world and fast moving technological advances, expertise in communication and spoken language is an important aspect for the career growth.References Cited:Weinstein, C., & Mayer, R. (1986). The teaching of learning strategies: In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching, 3rd Edition (pp. 315-327). New York: MacmillanMayer, R. (1988). Learning strategies: An overview: In Weinstein, C., E. Goetz, & P. Alexander (Eds.), Learning and Study Strategies: Issues in Assessment, Instruction, and Evaluation (pp. 11-22). New York: Academic Press.Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.Language Learning Strategies: Article: An Update Oxford (1990a) synthesized existing research on how t he following factors influence the choice of strategies used among students learning a second language. †¦www.cal.org/resources/digest/oxford01.html – 25k -Retrieved on June 16,2007Article: What Works Clearinghouse: English Language Learning Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies is an instructional program for use in †¦ develop reading comprehension ability along with English language proficiency. †¦ies.ed.gov/ncee/projects/wwc/english_language.asp – 25k – Retrieved on June 16,2007Tarone, E. (1983). Some thoughts on the notion of ‘communication strategy'. In C. Faerch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in Inter language Communication (pp. 61-74). London: Longman.

As Good as It Gets Movie Reflection essays

As Good as It Gets Movie Reflection essays As Good as It Gets was a great movie when it comes to showing how relationships develop. In the movie Jack Nicholson is a mean old man that does not like anyone but finds the need to start having someone in his life after he watches his neighbors dog. The woman that he starts wanting to have more and more in his life is Helen Hunts character. The movie is a great way to see how unique relationships are and how they develop. In the movie there are three relationships that develop, all of which involve Jack Nicholsons character. The first relationship that develops is between Nicholson and his neighbors dog. The relationship really got the whole needing someone feeling rolling in Nicholsons life. The second relationship that developed was with Helen Hunts character, the waitress. Because of Nicholsons OCD he went to her restaurant every morning to eat breakfast. He started to relative he likes her more then just his waitress and they start to develop their relationship more and more after Nicholson paid for her son to see a specialist for his medical condition. The third relationship that developed was with his neighbor, Simon. In the beginning Nicholson hated his neighbor because he was a homosexual and an artist. As the movie progressed their relationship developed more and more to where eventually Nicholson let Simon move into his apartment because he got evicted from his own. Out of the relationships listed the two relationships that develop in totally different ways would have to be between Nicholson/Hunt and Nicholson/Simon. The Nicholson/Hunt relationship was there ever since he went to her restaurant, it just was not a serious one. The relationship between Nicholson/Simon grew out of nothing into pretty good friends. So the Nicholson/Hunt relationship grew from a one sided relationship and the Nicholson/Simon relationship grew from hatred to friendship. ...

About Chloroform As An Anaesthetic Agent

About Chloroform As An Anaesthetic Agent Surgical procedures are painful, no doubt. Even with the advancement of medicine in the field of anaesthetic, certain complications are to be expected among patients who were receiving anaesthesia (regardless of types) such as bradycardia, post-puncture headache, hypotension and feeling pain despite an adequate dose of analgesia. How do we know exactly whether the patient who is being operated is in pain? Most of the indications were clinical (there is no machine which can tell you with an absolute certainty that the patient is in paint) and often judged based on the patients vital signs which can be quite suggestive of pain, for example, increase in blood pressure and heartbeat could indicate that the amount of analgesia being given to the patient was inadequate. Eventually, an anaesthetist in-charge will increase the analgesics/any other drugs dosage to achieve stabilisation which will provide a less painful experience for the patient. Being sedated during surgery is the main principle of anaesthesia (although some procedures dont require sedation; local anaesthetic for example) coupled with other agents which could alleviate pain and reduce movement to provide surgeons with optimal surgical conditions thus reducing post-operative complications. There are a lot of fine arteries, veins and nearby organs that can potentially be damaged during operation if patients were moving thus usage of muscle relaxants (either depolarising or non-depolarising) are justified to facilitate certain procedures. Even though nowadays, there are a lot of chemicals which can be used as anaesthetic agents, back in the day, the number of options to alleviate pain is quite limited. In 2250 BCE, most of the toothache cases experienced by Babylonians were treated by giving Henbane, a type of plant which is quite poisonous, often being used to treat some medical conditions such as asthma, cough, nervous system-related diseases and sure, a toot hache. If you were thinking, sedation before operative procedures are only practised after we discovered modern medicine, you were wrong. In 650 BCE, most of the priestesses utilise ethylene fumes to induce sedation among patients before any kind of procedure. In 400 BCE, Assyrians discovered that they can induce unconsciousness temporarily by compressing the carotid artery to carry out a few simple surgical procedures such as cataract surgery and circumcision without too much fuss. In the year 160, Hua Tuo performed surgery after patients have been induced with a method resembles the general anaesthesia by utilising a mixture of wine and herbs called Mafeisan. People generally understand the importance of putting patients in an unconscious state before starting an operation but as there were a lot of complications (including death) which have been documented in a lot of journals associated with certain types of anaesthetic agents, people grew restless. There are a lot of modern anaesthetic agents which are not being used anymore due to their fatal complications but people in the past dont have much choices on that matter, really. In this article, we will discuss regarding one of the anaesthetic agents which have been held in high regards in the past after it was used to ease up Queen Victoria, during her childbirth. Lets talk about @chloroform. Exploring A 170 Years Of Controversy Even though chloroform was discovered by three independent researchers in 1831, people are not aware of its anaesthetic properties until it was eventually demonstrated in 1847 by a Scottish obstetrician named Professor James Simpson. He tried to search for an ideal anaesthetic chemical that can be used to anaesthetise patients during operation while imposing minimal side effects (pain, for most of the parts). His determination stemmed from his bad experience of witnessing a breast-removal operation that was carried out in 1827 when he was a medical student. Back then, reliable anaesthetic agents were yet to be discovered thus surgical procedures were usually carried out with speed and precision to reduce patients suffering. Feeling pain was considered inevitable so patients depend heavily on surgeons skills while they were held down by devices to prevent movements. Throughout the surgery, Simpson felt traumatised as he had to witness suffering from the patient as surgical cuts were made. Her movements were restricted by both leather straps and a few other attendants, so it was pretty much messed up gores that had to be dealt with as soon as they were able. Its not a sight that you would have admired or cherished and he nearly quitted medical school because of that; fortunately, he didnt. Instead of quitting, he pledged himself to find a suitable anaesthetic agent that could alleviate suffering among patients especially in a surgical setting. Most of the answers he acquired from his professors when he was a medical student were discouraging and only when he was a full-pledged medical officer that he could experiment with a number of chemicals and procedures to test their efficacies on his patients; he ever tried mesmerism! People often used the word mesmerism and hypnosis interchangeably, but both of them induced trance (an altered state of consciousness) through different methods. Mesmerism focused on using non-verbal cues like gaze, strokes etc. while hypnotism used verbal cues. Of course, mesmerism is not a good choice when it comes to medicine, even its founder, Franz Anton Mesmer was chased out from Venice for practising it, but Simpson was willing to try anything for the sake of improving the current state of surgical protocols; still, none of it works. In 1846 he heard about a chemical called ether which can be used as an inhaled agent to alleviate pain during dental procedures. He tried to use it in his medical practice but he soon realised that there are a lot of side effects caused by that particular volatile agent, not to mention back then, a huge portion of the medical community opposed to the usage of volatile agents as anaesthesia. Despite the frustration, he learned a considerable amount of experience and knowledge regarding volatile compounds. Exposure to all kind of volatile compounds brought him to chloroform in 1847, a year after his failed attempt at using ether as an anaesthetic agent. Mind you, volatile compound is a hot topic since the discovery of chloroform in 1831, but their potential benefits were regarded less than what they deserved. On November 1847, he revealed chloroform as a potential anaesthetic agent that can be used to induce patient pre-operatively. His discovery is so significant to the point that he was credited for discovering it and responsible for saving Queen Victoria during her childbirth from suffering; neither of which is true. According to the history press, although Simpsons works after the discovery of chloroform can be thought as significant or probably greater than chloroform, it received less attention by the medical community and public alike; everyone wanted to celebrate or hate him for the discovery of chloroform; so unfortunate. He recognised the fact that chloroform is a powerful agent that can be used to sedate people during surgery and at the same time, took lives if the dosage applied to an individual were excessive. There were a lot of debates, quarrels and confusion regarding the usage of such agent which requires a careful consideration of patients condition which can ultimately cause death if it was to be miscalculated. It is, however, worth noting that, the usage of chloroform has revolutionised battlefield medicine due to its quick onset of action, ease of use and high rate of success which has been documented on numerous occasions during wars. In the war in the Crimea, the British used chloroform almost universally in their operations; the French also exhibited it very extensively, and Baudens, one of their leading military surgical authorities, declares that they did not meet with one fatal accident from it, although it was given to them during the Eastern campaign, thirty thousand times at least. In America, however, chloroform was only recognised as one of the most effective anaesthetic agents after a civil war in 1861 thus being used by physicians for routine surgeries. It was kinda appropriate to start using such inhaled agent after it was documented in the records regarding the use of chloroform as a preferred agent to treat 80,000 people (through surgical methods) without too much fuss; they either used chloroform alone or mixed it up with ether to enhance its therapeutic effects. Even though the success rate seems high, there were a lot of deaths that have been documented as a part of the consequences caused by chloroform, starting with a child in 1848, a year after Simpson started using it as a preferred anaesthetic agent. Miscalculation or overextending the exposure of such chemical to patients can cause cardiac arrest and thus death within 2 minutes. When Simpson first discovered the anaesthetic property of chloroform, he tried it on himself, putting him in a deep sl eep. Fortunately, he woke up the day after or the world will be deprived of such anaesthetic agent a few decades after his announcement. Chloroform In Criminal-Related Activities I think people are quite familiar with the idea of chloroform being used by criminals to induce their victims into an unconscious state so that they can be abducted or killed with ease. Even though this idea is quite popular, most of the papers out there seem to agree with the fact that applying chloroform to a handkerchief and such is considered a poor tool to be used in abductions and any related crimes that are required unconsciousness of non-consenting individuals. There are a few cases that can be given as evidence but most of the popular press seems to hate if this fact proved wrong; they still believe that in any criminal activity which used chloroform, the chemical itself is the reason for people to be unconscious. Well, the method of inducing victims seem to resemble the act of inducing patients before an operation but there are a lot of factors that can be considered before saying chloroform is the root of all evils. In 1850, an elderly clergyman stayed in Temperance Hotel located in Kendal, Cumbria, England. He was on a mission of collecting donation for the needy and successfully collected eleven gold sovereigns which are considered a lot. Unfortunately for him, a young man who travelled alongside him planned to steal those sovereigns so he soaked a towel with some chloroform and hid inside a closet while the clergyman was busy doing something else. When the clergyman about to go to sleep, he tried to lock the door by using a chair since the lock is broken and a few seconds after, the young man attacked him while covering his face with the towel, attempted to knock him down. It will be easier for him to hit the clergymans head rather than using chloroform, the clergyman scream and fight violently and the other guests from other rooms came to see what happen. The young man was arrested and he was sentenced to 18 months of jail time. There are many cases which resemble this one but none of it was accepted as the truth by the public presses in 1865. People wanted to hear that chloroform can actually be used to commit crimes. In 1854, an ophthalmic surgeon named William Wilde began treating Mary Travers for a few years until later in 1862, she claimed, allegedly, that she was raped under the influence of chloroform by the surgeon himself. The thing that was interesting regarding this case is, although she claimed that she was raped in 1862, the report which was written by her to the presses was submitted in 1864 when William Wilde was awarded a knighthood for his contribution in Irish census. She was treated by him for those 2 years and this accusation seems suspicious. Moving on, William Wildes wife submitted a letter to Mary Travers whos at the time working as a professor of medical philosophy in Dublin. When Mary Travers found out about this, she sued Lady Wilde for defamation. Mary Travers won that case but the penalty imposed on William Wilde was so low that it wouldnt affect his reputation at all. People started to become suspicious as to why this was the case. This case was then discussed by two jo urnalists which favoured Sir William Wilde and they were sued for defamation by Mary Travers too; only this time, she lost. There are a few possibilities that could have influenced Mary Travers as of why she behaved that way. The rape accusation might be alleged but when we are talking about the truth, Mary Travers might have spoken it, I mean the truth; only it never happened in the first place. A lot of this kind of accusations have been received throughout the years and some research which are conducted much later proved that chloroform can induce sexual hallucination. This effect, however, is not specific to chloroform but also the other inhaled anaesthetic agents. Apart from making you happy, it can strengthen sexual emotions which lead to hallucinations that can be considered erotic. In 1888, a paper written by Buxton DW described a case whereby a patient achieved sexual orgasm during induction with an inhaled anaesthetic agent. Quite interesting, isnt it? Oh yeah, chloroform also is quite addictive. There is some documentation (quite old) which described patients who are addicted to inhaled anaesth etic agents to improve sexual performances. Conclusion Even though chloroform was proven to be a great anaesthetic agent in the past, it was replaced by much better gases that would be able to maintain unconsciousness with fewer side effects. If someone said they were being raped under the influence of chloroform, that case needs to be investigated first. Even though chloroform is a poor tool to be used by a criminal, people can be knocked out by it; they just need to be still for a few minutes as the concentration of the chloroform used might have been mild than what have been calibrated for surgical uses.

The Sexualization of Disney Charaters Research Paper

The Sexualization of Disney Charaters - Research Paper Example The problem, is that Disney has began marketing itself as a brand that reaches out and entertains family members of all ages. The company also uses unrealistic depictions of the physical image of their princess characters in the sense that rather than having a little girl playing a role, the character is always a young woman whose figure and actions depicts that of an unrealistic fashion model rather than that of a real world child dealing with image issues. In other words, Disney sexualizes their characters to the point that instead of inspiring little girls to love themselves, they instead learn to self-loathe because they do not meet the standards set by the Disney characters that they admire the most. They do not learn to love themselves as they are because the Disney characters are not depicted in a realistic manner. The problem with this situation is that Disney princess characters carry a tremendous amount of influence over the minds of little girls. Peggy Orenstein explains that: â€Å"The company’s wares reflect the changing taste of their demographic and it’s the change that’s disturbing. â€Å"Think of their memory as a blank slate that is ready to be written upon. Little girls know nothing about demographics, what is right or wrong, or even how a girl should perceive herself. That is something that is influenced by the mass media marketing that is controlled by Disney. That writing becomes the impression by which the child leads her life afterwards. In the case, Disney, through its artists rendering influences the little girl into believing what they want her to believe in order to move their products and sell their movie tickets and videos. Previous Disney incarnations of their princesses were mostly passive females who looked to men in order to be saved. However, D isney decided to go a different route in an effort to keep up with the feminist cause. Hence the empowered and sexually charged portrayal of their current crop of princesses (Greenfield, Beth â€Å"Disney Princess Makeover Sparks Outrage: Merida Petition Goes Viral†). Let us remember that starting with Ariel, the little mermaid, Disney began serving up young women who are basically self-centered and with a knack for getting themselves into trouble. Ariel as a princess of the sea thought only of herself and her dreams and her ambitions. When she came across her prince charming, she then set her sights on snagging him to the extent of endangering herself in the process.